On my Patreon I have spent a lot of time trying to make Taekwondo primary sources more readily available to non-Korean speaking Taekwondoin. I studied Taekwondo and Korean language for one year at Chosun University in Gwangju, and have since traveled to Korea around twelve times for shorter study periods. I am not fluent in Korean, but I can read and write, use dictionaries, and work my way through texts :-) I am also told I might be on the spectrum when it comes to Taekwondo, which probably helps too :-P
Outwardly it might look like I am only working with Choi Hong Hi’s 1959 Taekwondo textbook, since that is what I have been publishing on Patreon. In reality, I look at everything I can get my hands on. This includes searching Korean databases for early newspaper mentions of terms such as Tangsudo, Kongsudo, Hwasudo, Kwonbeop, Hwarangdo, Taesudo, and Taekwondo. It also includes digging through Korean library databases for old martial arts manuals, as well as Korean blogs, auction sites, and anything else that might contain fragments of these early sources. In fact I have a 52 page "book" on Taesudo Forms available on amazon.
I do not always get access to full books this way, but I do come across quotations, tables of contents, and the occasional scanned page. I thought it might be interesting to start a blog series looking at early Korean martial arts manuals through their tables of contents. It is not the same as reading the full books, but it still gives insight into how these arts were structured and understood at the time.
First out is what is probably the earliest example after liberation: Hwasudo Gyobon (花手道敎本) by Hwang Kee, dated either 1948 or 1949. The character Hwa (花) in the title is the same as in Hwarang. In the early days of Moo Duk Kwan, Hwang Kee referred to his art as Hwasudo, a term that was not widely understood by the general public, who were more familiar with names such as Taekkyon, Tangsudo, Kongsudo, and Kwonbeop.
Hwang later relabeled his art as Tangsudo, which helped attract more students. He would eventually also use the term Subakdo after identifying the name “Subak” in the Muyedobotongji.
This book is often referred to as Hwang Kee’s 1949 publication, but the National Library of Korea lists it as 1948. Either way, I am not aware of any other Korean martial arts manual published in Korean in Korea between liberation in 1945 and the mid-1950s. As such, this may be the first Korean martial arts manual of the post-liberation period.
Below is the complete (I hope) table of contents of the book. I have translated the titles.
Some characters in the original text are unclear due to print quality or archaic usage. In such cases, translations are based on the best available reading and context.
This transcription is partly based on a library database entry. As I have not been able to compare it directly with the original source, any OCR errors in that entry may remain.
Table of Contents
표지 / Cover
표제지 / Title Page
序文 / 黃琦識 / Preface / Written by Hwang Kee
目次 / Table of Contents
第一篇 總論 / Part I: General Theory
第一章 宇宙自然現象과建康 / Chapter 1: Natural Phenomena of the Universe and Health
第二章 心身融合論 / Chapter 2: Theory of Mind–Body Integration
第三章 食物과營養論 / Chapter 3: Food and Nutrition Theory
- 槪論 / General Discussion
- 嚙食漿勵 / Chewing and Dietary Encouragement
- 生食 / Raw Food
- 大小食과 一日中의 食事回數 / Meal Size and Number of Daily Meals
第四章 修道와飮酒煙草와의關係 / Chapter 4: The Relationship Between Training and Alcohol and Tobacco
- 飮酒와愛煙 / Drinking and Smoking
第五章 靑年의進路 / Chapter 5: The Path of Youth
第六章 靑年의本質과使命 / Chapter 6: The Nature and Mission of Youth
第七章 修道와勤勞娛樂과의關連性 / Chapter 7: The Relationship Between Training, Labor, and Recreation
第八章 우리民族은平和의天使이다 / Chapter 8: Our People Are Messengers of Peace
第九章 花郞道槪論 / Chapter 9: Overview of Hwarangdo
第十章 兵法大要 / Chapter 10: Essentials of Military Strategy
第十一章 武道의達發史 / Chapter 11: Developmental History of Martial Arts
第十二章 唐手의由來 / Chapter 12: Origins of Tang Su
第十三章 唐手道의特點 / Chapter 13: Characteristics of Tang Su Do
一. 唐手道는自由럽고拘束이없음 / 1. Tang Su Do is free and without restriction
二. 何時何處에서도할수있음 / 2. Can be practiced anytime and anywhere
三. 男女老少누구나할수있음 / 3. Anyone regardless of age or gender can practice
四. 經費가不必要함 / 4. Requires no expense
五. 精神修養上에必要 / 5. Necessary for mental cultivation
六. 團體나體育向上에必要 / 6. Necessary for group and physical development
七. 個人修鍊上에必要 / 7. Necessary for individual training
八. 道具가不必要하다는것 / 8. No equipment required
九. 相對者有無不關한것 / 9. Does not depend on having an opponent
十. 保身上理想的인것 / 10. Ideal for self-defense
第十四章 巨星新道誕生 / Chapter 14: The Birth of a Great New Way
一. 總論 / 1. General Discussion
二. 우리의十個信條 / 2. Our Ten Principles
三. 精神修養上五個要素及重點 / 3. Five Key Elements of Mental Training
四. 體育向上上五個要素及重點 / 4. Five Key Elements of Physical Development
五. 將來展望 / 5. Future Prospects
第十五章 斯道에對한新名創作에動起 / Chapter 15: Motivation for Creating a New Name for This Art
第十六章 花手道라命名한說明 / Chapter 16: Explanation of the Name “Hwasudo”
第十七章 花手道는心身을鍛鍊시킴 / Chapter 17: Hwasudo Trains the Mind and Body
第十八章 技術보다修道必要 / Chapter 18: Training Is More Important Than Technique
第十九章 鍊習上注意事項 / Chapter 19: Points of Caution in Training
一. 目標를眞實한心身修鍊에만둘것 / 1. Set the goal as true mind–body training
二. 誠意가必要 / 2. Sincerity is required
三. 努力이必要 / 3. Effort is required
四. 始終一貫이必要 / 4. Consistency is required
五. 鍊習時에斯道根本精神을體得할것 / 5. Internalize the fundamental spirit during training
六. 있는힘을다할것 / 6. Use your full strength
七. 規則的으로할것 / 7. Train regularly
八. 指導者나 先輩의말을잘들으며 보고배울것 / 8. Listen to instructors and seniors and learn by observing
九. 効功을서둘지말것 / 9. Do not rush results
十. 特點과不特點 / 10. Strengths and weaknesses
十一. 鍊習의 順序 / 11. Order of training
十二. 新型또는新法敎習時 / 12. When learning new forms or methods
十三. 나태期를克服하는法 / 13. How to overcome stagnation
十四. 鍊習後淸潔이必要 / 14. Cleanliness after training is necessary
第二篇 精神修練上具體的行事方法 / Part II: Practical Methods for Mental Training
第三篇 體育向上具體的行事方法 / Part III: Practical Methods for Physical Development
第一章 握拳法 / Chapter 1: Fist Formation
第二章 起立姿勢法 / Chapter 2: Standing Postures
第三章 準備態勢 / Chapter 3: Ready Stance
第四章 演武線 / Chapter 4: Performance Line (Yeonmu-line)
第五章 型의各稱과種類 / Chapter 5: Names and Types of Forms
第六章 手使用法 / Chapter 6: Hand Techniques
第七章 足使用法(足技) / Chapter 7: Foot Techniques (Kicking)
第八章 基礎法 / Chapter 8: Basic Methods
第四篇 原型 / Part IV: Forms
第一章 槪論 / Chapter 1: General Discussion
第二章 平安初段 / Chapter 2: Pyong An 1
第三章 平安二段 / Chapter 3: Pyong An 2
第四章 平安三段 / Chapter 4: Pyong An 3
第五章 平安四段 / Chapter 5: Pyong An 4
第六章 平安五段 / Chapter 6: Pyong An 5
第七章 나이한찌 初段 / Chapter 7: Naihanchi 1
第八章 나이한찌 二段 / Chapter 8: Naihanchi 2
第九章 나이한찌 三段 / Chapter 9: Naihanchi 3
第十章 짓데 / Chapter 10: Jitte
第十一章 밧싸이 / Chapter 11: Bassai
第十二章 찐도 / Chapter 12: Chindo
第十三章 小林長拳 / Chapter 13: Shorin Long Fist (小林長拳, perhaps intended as Shaolin Long Fist 少林長拳)
第五篇 對鍊 / Part V: Sparring
第一章 對鍊의意義 / Chapter 1: Meaning of Sparring
第二章 型과關連性 / Chapter 2: Relationship with Forms
第三章 對鍊의時期 / Chapter 3: Timing of Sparring
第四章 對鍊時注意事項과八大要素 / Chapter 4: Important Points and Eight Key Elements
第五章 實試合또는實戰과對鍊 / Chapter 5: Competition/Combat vs Sparring
第六章 基礎對鍊 / Chapter 6: Basic Sparring
一. 三手式 / 1. Three-Step Sparring
-
手技 / Hand Techniques
가. 上段防禦基礎法 / High Section Defense Basics
나. 中段防禦基礎法 / Middle Section Defense Basics -
手技와足技 / Hand and Foot Techniques
다. 下段防禦基礎法 / Low Section Defense Basics
二. 一手式對鍊 / 2. One-Step Sparring
三. 其他對鍊法 / 3. Other Sparring Methods
四. 連續對鍊法 / 4. Continuous Sparring
五. 座對鍊 / 5. Seated Sparring
六. 落法對鍊 / 6. Falling Sparring
七. 臥對鍊 / 7. Ground Sparring
八. 對棒術 / 8. Against Staff
九. 對短刀 / 9. Against Short Knife
十. 對長刀 / 10. Against Long Sword
第七章 一般護身常識 / Chapter 7: General Self-Defense Knowledge
第八章 手足鍛鍊法 / Chapter 8: Hand and Foot Conditioning
第九章 手足鍛鍊用道具 / Chapter 9: Conditioning Equipment
第十章 補助運動과쇼具 / Chapter 10: Supplementary Exercises and Equipment
I will let the material speak for itself for now, and follow this up with a follow up blog post focusing on commentary.
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